How do we actually know what someone knows?

“That question pulled me into the psychology of learning & memory, then cognitive science, and eventually into building Cognivia.”

Let’s connect

Work & research

Software, research, and things built in the world.

OutFigure

Learning infrastructure

“Getting the right answer does not necessarily mean learning happened.”

OutFigure grew out of what Cognivia’s error-modeling engine needed: a reliable way to measure what a learner knows, what changed, and what lasts. I’m building that infrastructure for other learning platforms.

Inside the project

The evidence behind progress

OutFigure follows the evidence behind a learner’s progress. It records each assessment, predicts how they will answer without help, and checks that prediction against what happens next.

From answer to learning record

Assessment events
Each answer, hint, piece of feedback and tutor turn, posted from your backend with a pseudonymous learner identifier. Corrections supersede; nothing is overwritten.
Evidence record
Every answer is either counted as independent evidence or set aside with a reason, under a named eligibility version. Assisted work is kept, and kept separate.
Learner-concept state
What a learner has answered unaided on a concept, how recent it is, and how far the evidence goes. Where it is thin, the state says so instead of reporting a score.
Outcome audit
Predictions are frozen when issued, then matched to the answers that arrive later. An answer that never arrives is an open case, not a failure.

Why I’m building it

“Not what they clicked. Not what they completed. Not whether they got one answer right. What actually changed in their head?”

Example assessment

Six answers. Five correct.
How much independent evidence?

1 of 6answered without help

Six answers, five correct, five assisted. One correct answer was given without help.

In development

Currently building. The same work on learning state, memory, and cognitive error patterns in Cognivia feeds into OutFigure.

Cognivia

Adaptive learning & research

Built Cognivia to understand a simple problem: what does a learner actually know, and why did they get something wrong?

It models learning state, memory, and cognitive error patterns instead of treating every wrong answer the same. I’ve been building it as both a research instrument and a usable learning system, with the same work feeding into my research on cognitive error taxonomy and retention.

What I built & what I learned

The learning engine

Cognivia uses a learner’s mistakes and recall history to decide what they should revisit next. I built the research instrument and learning platform from the ground up: React, Vite, TypeScript, Flask, and Supabase/PostgreSQL. More than 45,000 lines of production code.

It classifies four kinds of mistakes and schedules practice for each topic. A seven-part “Learning Genome” tracks memory, recall speed, confidence, fatigue, and recurring errors across sessions.

The study

Designed a preregistered three-arm randomized controlled trial with 90 learners to test whether error-aware adaptive learning improves delayed retention compared with correctness-only adaptation and standard instruction.

The feasibility pilot showed directional support for the core hypothesis. The full multi-school trial is in recruitment.

A conversation over tea

The hardest thing I solved wasn’t a bug. It was learning to distrust my own taxonomy.

I’d built CFI to sort wrong answers into four buckets: Recall Failure, Partial Knowledge, Confabulation, and Interference. For weeks, the agreement between raters was terrible. Two people looking at the same error couldn't agree which bucket it belonged in. I kept tuning the rubric, adding edge cases, assuming the fix was more precision.

Over tea he insisted on paying for, my friend Aviral told me his cousin falls asleep in class because he skips breakfast. He asked why my model assumed every wrong answer was a cognition problem. That wasn't a rubric bug. It was a category error in the whole instrument: I was sharpening a ruler pointed at the wrong thing.

I added two questions to the intake form: when the student last ate, and how far they walked to get there. IRR barely moved. But the model got honest, which mattered more than the metric.

The hardest bugs were in my assumptions. A conversation over tea helped me see one I’d missed.

ConfusionMapper

Open-source Python tool

A research tool for classifying cognitive errors and measuring whether raters agree.

Built ConfusionMapper, an open-source Python research tool for classifying cognitive error types in multiple-choice distractors and measuring inter-rater reliability. Originally built as the reliability layer for my Confusion Fingerprint Index research.

Inside the tool

Checking agreement

The tool checks whether two raters read the same mistake in the same way. It uses the four-category CFI taxonomy, measures agreement with Cohen’s kappa, and shows disagreements in a 4 × 4 matrix before study data collection begins.

  • Recall Failure
  • Partial Knowledge
  • Confabulation
  • Interference

Making disagreement visible

Measuring agreement on the error categories before using those categories as a learning signal. The tool supports agreement diagnostics and reproducible session exports, so disagreement can be inspected rather than hidden inside an overall score.

Published work

Published as an open-source Python package on PyPI, with archival releases on Zenodo and a companion preprint on EdArXiv. ConfusionMapper was also my capstone project for Stanford Code in Place.

Inside the lab

IIT Kanpur

How emotion and social cues influence decisions and where we look next.

I work on affect-based decision-making and saccadic eye-movement control, with a broader interest in how emotions and social cues shape human actions and choices.

My contribution

Making recordings reliable

Built a diagnostic version of the MonkeyLogic experiment to find where noise builds up during long eye-tracking sessions and make the recordings more reliable.

Social cognition

Research in the Department of Cognitive Science at IIT Kanpur under Prof. K. M. Sharika, using saccadic eye-movement redirection to study parallel processing in social cognition.

In the lab

Co-authoring a research manuscript on the cognitive mechanisms underlying decision-making and parallel processing, while contributing to behavioural experiment design, data collection workflows, research methodology, analysis, and research presentations.

Tree Ganesha

Materials & environmental design

A biodegradable, seed-embedded religious idol.

I developed a biodegradable, seed-embedded religious idol using natural river clay, plant-based colours, fish feed, and seeds as an alternative to conventional idols that contribute to water pollution after immersion.

From prototype to making kits

The material

Designed idols from natural clay embedded with plant seeds and fish feed, addressing river and land pollution from conventional Plaster of Paris idol disposal.

Working with artisans

The project advanced through District, State, and National Level Exhibition & Project Competitions, with newspaper coverage at each stage. Later distributed making kits and shared the design with 80+ artisans across four cities.

Recognition

Received the ₹10,000 INSPIRE Award under INSPIRE-MANAK, a national innovation programme of the Department of Science & Technology, Government of India. National finalist, advanced category.

Beyond a right answer

Cognitive error & forgetting

Whether different kinds of mistakes reflect meaningfully different learning states.

I work independently on learning, memory, and cognitive error modelling, with a particular focus on whether different kinds of mistakes reflect meaningfully different learning states.

The Confusion Fingerprint Index

A framework for distinguishing different cognitive error types rather than treating every wrong answer as the same signal. The paper lays out a preregistered three-arm study testing whether error-aware adaptive learning improves delayed retention compared with correctness-only adaptation and standard instruction.

Beyond the Single Forgetting Curve

A model of how different kinds of mistakes may be forgotten and relearned at different rates. The paper combines theory, Bayesian simulation, and a preregistered secondary analysis plan for a 90-participant study, testing whether error type at encoding predicts how memory changes over time.

What I built alongside the papers

R code that simulates memory over time and plots how forgetting curves may differ between error types, alongside estimates of the study’s ability to detect those differences.

Research record

Sole author of two SSRN preprints, cross-posted to Zenodo and EdArXiv. The study is registered on OSF and the AEA RCT Registry. A Stage 1 Registered Report is under review at Psychonomic Bulletin & Review.

Beyond the screen

June 2019–November 2023
Volunteer educator

1,000+students across 40+ rural government schools

The classrooms it started in

I’ve spent several years teaching mathematics and science across rural government schools in Kanpur Dehat, working with more than 1,000 students across 40+ schools.

What started as simple teaching gradually became the place where I began noticing how differently students misunderstand the same idea. A lot of my later interest in learning, memory, cognitive errors, Cognivia, and eventually OutFigure grew from those classrooms.

Taught science, mathematics, and English using spaced repetition and active recall methods. Mentored 100+ students toward Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya admission and taught basic literacy to 80+ senior citizens, all unpaid.

Read my essay in Kitaab

July–August 2026
Community organizer

Safe Water Initiative

Organized a community response to groundwater contamination in Kanpur, combining public awareness with clean-water distribution. I helped explain contamination risks and safer water practices to local households, while coordinating the distribution of 2,500 units of tested clean water across 800+ households.

2024–2025
Science Club president
DPS Kalyanpur

Building a science community

As President of the Science Club, I worked across the wider school community through research, mentoring, competitions, and science outreach. I mentored students developing projects for INSPIRE-MANAK, coordinated science programming through the annual Panorama fest, presented research on secondary electron emission, and represented the school through the ERUDIT International Research Programme.

Work & results

Led an 80–100 member student science club through research and interschool competitions.

Open House

Spoke to 500+ students, parents, and educators at keynote and Open House sessions. Published in the school newspaper and magazine.

Focused on how schooling and coaching shape curiosity, motivation, and learning.

Research & ERUDIT

National first place for our research. For ERUDIT, I wrote a 20-page SDG paper and 19 analytical articles with mentorship from Dr. Peter Milne through Beyond COP21.

Papers & writing

The research behind
the things I build.

Education

2021–2025

Delhi Public School,
Kalyanpur

CBSE 10+2 / Science & liberal arts

Graduated in the top 3% of my class & top 1% of my school board in the CBSE Senior Secondary Examination.

School was where a lot of my interests started colliding. I led the Science Club, worked on research and science exhibitions, spoke at Open House events, and kept drifting toward questions around learning, cognition, and how people think. Around the same time, I started building Cognivia, which began as a learning tool and gradually turned into a research project.

Class XII / 2025
96%GPA 4.0/4.0
Class XI / 2024
95.8%GPA 4.0/4.0
Class X / 2023
97.4%GPA 4.0/4.0
Class IX / 2022
95.8%GPA 4.0/4.0
GPA, grades 9–12
4.00 unweighted / 5.14 weightediWES verified

Currently on a gap year, working on research and building.

Honours & awards

  • INSPIRE–MANAK Award

    Department of Science & Technology, Government of India. ₹10,000 award; national finalist, advanced category, for Tree Ganesha. Progressed through district, state, and national exhibitions.

    2023–2024
  • National first place, secondary electron research

    DPS Society Science Exhibition. First place and keynote presentation.

  • INSPIRE Scholarship

    Department of Science & Technology, Government of India. Top 1% in CBSE nationwide.

    2025
  • National Talent Search (NTST)

    Rank 89.

  • National Mathematics Olympiad (NMO)

    Rank 100.

    2022

Programs &
memberships

  • Stanford Code in Place

    Completed Stanford’s introduction to Python. Built ConfusionMapper as my capstone.

    2026
  • Neuroscience Mentorship Program

    Science Mentorship Institute. Studying neuroscience and researching how awareness of our own thinking influences adult learning.

    2026
  • Drug Discovery & Molecular Docking Workshop

    Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur. Gene editing and molecular docking.

    March 2025 / Credential EDT-IITK-CAGE-21200326002
  • American Psychological Association

    Student member and affiliate. Workshops, mentorship, and research writing in cognitive psychology, learning, and memory.

    January 2026–present

Art & other work

Ten years of making
things by hand.

Watercolour, oil, optical illusion, 3D lettering, and putty pop art.

Fine arts practitioner for more than 10 years, including commissioned illustration work for Gridline Studios.

I also kept up a long-running interest in fine arts, which probably explains why I still care as much about how something feels and looks as how it works.

Family business

Unpaid operations and customer care experience for my father’s business, balanced alongside gap-year research and academics.

Thankinator

A bot with a sense of humour

“Originally built as a surprise gift for a professor who casually joked about wanting a thank-you counter.”

She got one, with 12 rank tiers and lore.

What it does

An open-source Discord bot that counts expressions of thanks, from “ty” and “thx” to “dhanyavaad” and “merci”, and keeps a server leaderboard. It includes personal statistics, server analytics, milestone celebrations, and both slash and prefix commands.

The build

Python, discord.py, and SQLite, with more than 40 detection patterns for abbreviations, misspellings, stretched words, and multiple languages. It stores user IDs, display names, and thank-you counts rather than message content.

Tools & interests

Research & analysis
Python, Jamovi, statistical analysis, preregistration, OSF workflows, inter-rater reliability, eye-tracking, EEG, MonkeyLogic, MATLAB, and PsychoPy Builder.
Development
ReactViteTypeScriptFlaskFastAPISupabasePostgreSQLSQLiteTwilio APIGitR
Design & working tools
Adobe Suite, Canva, and Google Workspace.
Questions I keep returning to
Cognitive science, neuroscience, learning science, memory, metacognition, psychology, human–AI interfaces, and human decision-making.
Causes
Education, science and technology, the environment, arts and culture.

Languages

English
Native or bilingual proficiency
Hindi
Native or bilingual proficiency
Latin
Limited working proficiency
Sanskrit
Elementary proficiency

A little about me

Kanpur, India
He / him

“If a question pulls me somewhere else, I usually follow it.”

I’ve probably changed directions more times than I’ve stayed on one path. I’m not very good at continuing something just because I’m supposed to.

I like building things, questioning rules that don’t make sense, asking questions that are probably too big, meeting people who think differently, and occasionally spending unreasonable amounts of time looking at cars.

I still don’t know exactly what I want to be doing ten years from now. I’m not even completely sure what I’ll be obsessed with two years from now. I think I like it that way. I’ve always felt most comfortable being a bit of an outlier anyway.

The future feels a little like my own life right now: unpredictable, changing fast, and impossible to map too far ahead.

But I keep coming back to the same thing: what does it mean to stay deeply human while everything around us gets more capable?

I want to understand how we learn, what we are good at, what makes us different, and how we build things that make more room for the parts of being human that actually matter.

Most of life still comes down to people anyway.

I have no perfect plan.
That is probably the plan.

Connect

Kanpur, India

Let’s connect.

For research, something you’re building, or a conversation.